Effectiveness of pictograms in patients or caregivers in healthcare settings: a systematic review

Abstract Objectives Pictorial representation has shown to be potential in enhancing patient knowledge. This study aimed identify the usefulness of pictograms improving knowledge patients or their caregivers. Key findings The electronic databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Scopus were searchedfor relevant studies. Cochrane risk bias tool was used assess quality included conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Pictograms alone combination with text-based/written verbal/ oral instructions medication intervention. All studies showed similar outcomes that had a positive impact on adherence helped decreasing dosing error. Factors age, gender, literacy level negative adherence. low health levels than written/oral interventions. Summary current review provided insights effectiveness caregivers various age groups healthcare settings. Future should gaps barriers impacting